Universe before Big Bang
Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics,
Page 33-47
DOI:
10.9734/ajr2p/2022/v6i3120
Abstract
The ghost condensation of the early universe in a pre-big bang phase has been presented in this paper through duration of a non-singular bounce. The undergoing universe contracts and passes smoothly in an expanding universe via a post-big bang phase. Initially developing and then taming any ghost like instabilities, the Null Energy Condition (NEC) is explicitly violated through the curvature mechanism of an adiabatic perturbed metric. The vacuum state of the ongoing phase is stabilized via a Lagrangian that in essence stabilizes the vacuum state under the higher order derivatives. The violation of the NEC regards a catastrophic vacuum instability, which re-emerges with a correction valid at small energies and momenta, below the UV-cut-off scale that, could potentially be problematic if one tries to construct a UV-completed theory of this Ekpyrotic model. The scale-invariant curvature perturbation, that arises and is sourced out of the scale-invariant entropy perturbations sourced by 2-Ekpyrotic scalar fields, that, in contrast, becomes constant on the super-horizon limits, due to the non-singular nature of the background geometry. Apart, from the ghost condensates, this theory addresses the new Ekpyrotic theory which in order becomes a distinguishable alternative to inflation theory for the birth of the universe. As per the recent WMAP data, the Ekpyrotic model has a spectral red tilt that shows the bounced scalar potential falling through a negative phase shift during the matter-fluid fluctuations in the hot big bang phase.
Keywords:
- Ghost field
- radion field
- vacuum fluctuations
- M - theory
- Dirichlet(p)-Branes
- Randall-Sundrum model
- entropy & curvature perturbations
- N = 1 supergravity
How to Cite
Bhattacharjee, D. (2022). Universe before Big Bang. Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics, 6(3), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2022/v6i3120
References
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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.75.101502
Adams A, Arkani-Hamed N, Dubovsky S, Nicolis A, Rattazzi R. Causality, analyticity and an IR obstruction to UV completion. Journal of High Energy Physics. 2006; 2006(10):014.
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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.76.103501
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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.72.063513
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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/24/4/f01
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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.59.106005
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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(03)02075-9
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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2004/05/074
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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2008/04/018
Khoury J, Ovrut BA, Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. Ekpyrotic universe: Colliding branes and the origin of the hot big bang. Physical Review D. 2001;64(12).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.64.123522
Kallosh R, Kofman L, Linde A. Pyrotechnic universe. Physical Review D. 2001;64(12).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.64.123523
Kallosh R, Kofman L, Linde A, Tseytlin A. BPS branes in cosmology. Physical Review D. 2001; 64(12).
DOI”https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.64.123524
Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. Cosmic evolution in a cyclic universe. Physical Review D. 2002b;65(12):1.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.65.126003
Felder G, Frolov A, Kofman L, Linde A. Cosmology with negative potentials. Physical Review D. 2002;66(2).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.66.023507
Lehners JL. Ekpyrotic and cyclic cosmology. Physics Reports. 2008;465(6):223–263.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2008.06.001
Maharana J. From big crunch to big bang: A quantum string cosmology perspective. Physical Review D. 2002;65(10).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.65.103504
Khoury J, Ovrut BA, Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. Density perturbations in the ekpyrotic scenario. Physical Review D. 2002;66(4).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.66.046005
Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. Cosmic evolution in a cyclic universe. Physical Review D. 2002;65(12).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.65.126003
Gasperini M, Veneziano G. The pre-big bang scenario in string cosmology. Physics Reports. 2003;373(1–2):1–212.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0370-1573(02)00389
Khoury J, Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. Inflation versus Cyclic Predictions for Spectral Tilt. Physical Review Letters. 2003;91(16).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.91.161301
Boyle LA, Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. New duality relating density perturbations in expanding and contracting Friedmann cosmologies. Physical Review D. 2004b;70(2).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.70.023504
Boyle LA, Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. Cosmic gravitational-wave background in a cyclic universe. Physical Review D. 2004; 69(12).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.69.127302
Creminelli P, Luty MA, Nicolis, A, & Senatore, L. (2006). Starting the Universe: stable violation of the null energy condition and non-standard cosmologies. Journal of High Energy Physics. 2006;(12):080.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2006/12/080
Buchbinder EI, Khoury J, Ovrut BA. (2007a). New ekpyrotic cosmology. Physical Review D, 76(12).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.76.123503
Creminelli, P, & Senatore, L. A smooth bouncing cosmology with scale invariant spectrum. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2007;2007(11):010.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2007/11/010
Buchbinder EI, Khoury J, Ovrut BA. On the initial conditions in new ekpyrotic cosmology. Journal of High Energy Physics. 2007;2007(11):076.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/11/076
Dubovsky S, Sibiryakov S. Spontaneous breaking of Lorentz invariance, black holes and perpetuum mobile of the 2nd kind. Physics Letters B. 2006;638(5–6):509–514.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2006.05.074
Eling C, Foster BZ, Jacobson T, Wall AC. Lorentz violation and perpetual motion. Physical Review D. 2007;75(10).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.75.101502
Arkani-Hamed N, Dubovsky S, Nicolis A, Trincherini E, Villadoro G. A measure of de Sitter entropy and eternal inflation. Journal of High Energy Physics. 2007; 2007(05):055.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/05/055
Bardeen JM. Gauge-invariant cosmological perturbations. Physical Review D. 1980;22(8): 1882–1905.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.22.1882
Dubovsky S, Grégoire T, Nicolis A, Rattazzi R. Null energy condition and superluminal propagation. Journal of High Energy Physics. 2006;2006(03):025.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2006/03/025
Eling C, Foster BZ, Jacobson T, Wall AC. Lorentz violation and perpetual motion. Physical Review D. 2007b;75(10).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.75.101502
Adams A, Arkani-Hamed N, Dubovsky S, Nicolis A, Rattazzi R. Causality, analyticity and an IR obstruction to UV completion. Journal of High Energy Physics. 2006; 2006(10):014.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2006/10/014
Bardeen JM, Steinhardt PJ, Turner MS. Spontaneous creation of almost scale-free density perturbations in an inflationary universe. Physical Review D. 1983; 28(4):679–693.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.28.679
Lehners JL, McFadden P, Turok N, Steinhardt PJ. Generating ekpyrotic curvature perturbations before the big bang. Physical Review D. 2007;76(10).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.76.103501
Erickson JK, Wesley DH, Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. Kasner and mixmaster behavior in universes with equation of statew>~1. Physical Review D. 2004;69(6).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.69.063514
Wesley DH, Steinhardt PJ, Turok N. Controlling chaos through compactification in cosmological models with a collapsing phase. Physical Review D. 2005;72(6).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.72.063513
Wesley DH. Kac–Moody algebras and controlled chaos. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 2007;24(4):F7–F13.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/24/4/f01
Lukas A, Ovrut BA, Waldram D. Nonstandard embedding and five-branes in heterotic M theory. Physical Review D. 1999;59(10).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.59.106005
McMahon D. String Theory Demystified (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Education; 2008.
Steinhaxdt PJ, Turok N. The cyclic universe: An informal introduction. Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements. 2003;124:38–49.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(03)02075-9
Randall L, Sundrum R. Large Mass Hierarchy from a Small Extra Dimension. Physical Review Letters. 1999;83(17): 3370–3373.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.83.3370
Lehners JL. Ekpyrotic nongaussianity: A review. Advances in Astronomy. 2010; 2010:1–19.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/903907
Lehners JL, McFadden P, Turok N. Colliding branes in heterotic M theory. Physical Review D. 2007;75(10).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.75.103510
Lehners JL, McFadden P, Turok N. Effective actions for heterotic M theory. Physical Review D. 2007b;76(2).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.76.023501
Koyama K, Wands D. Ekpyrotic collapse with multiple fields. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2007; 2007(04):008.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2007/04/008
Koyama K, Mizuno S, Wands D. Curvature perturbations from ekpyrotic collapse with multiple fields. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 2007;24(15):3919–3931.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/24/15/010
Gordon C, Wands D, Bassett BA, Maartens R. Adiabatic and entropy perturbations from inflation. Physical Review D. 2000;63(2).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.63.023506
Tolley AJ, Wesley DH. Scale invariance in expanding and contracting universes from two-field models. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2007; 2007(05):006.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2007/05/006
Bhattacharjee D. Path Tracing Photons Oscillating Through Alternate Universes Inside a Black Hole. Preprints. 2021; 2021040293:1–3.
DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.20944/preprints202104.0293.v1
Bhattacharjee D. Deciphering Black Hole Spin, Inclination angle & Charge From Kerr Shadow. Preprints. 2021;2021040315:1–3.
DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.20944/preprints202104.0315.v1
Bhattacharjee D. Solutions of kerr black holes subject to naked singularity and wormholes. Authorea. 2020;1–4.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160693414.46356832/v1
Tsujikawa S, Brandenberger R, Finelli F. Construction of nonsingular pre-big-bang and ekpyrotic cosmologies and the resulting density perturbations. Physical Review D. 2002;66(8).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.66.083513
Di Marco F, Finelli F, Brandenberger R. Adiabatic and isocurvature perturbations for multifield generalized Einstein models. Physical Review D. 2003; 67(6).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.67.063512
Lehners JL, McFadden P, Turok N, Steinhardt PJ. Generating ekpyrotic curvature perturbations before the big bang. Physical Review D. 2007b;76(10).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.76.103501
Hamed NA, Cheng H, Luty M, Mukohyama S. Ghost condensation and a consistent IR modification of gravity. Journal of High Energy Physics. 2004;2004(05):074.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2004/05/074
Arkani-Hamed N, Cheng HC, Luty MA, Mukohyama S, Wiseman T. Dynamics of gravity in a Higgs phase. Journal of High Energy Physics. 2007;2007(01):036.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/01/036
Buniy RV, Hsu SDH, Murray BM. The null energy condition and instability. Physical Review D. 2006;74(6).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.74.063518
Buniy RV, Hsu SD. Instabilities and the null energy condition. Physics Letters B. 2006; 632(4):543–546.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.10.075
Cline JM, Jeon S, Moore GD. The phantom menaced: Constraints on low-energy effective ghosts. Physical Review D. 2004;70(4).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.70.043543
Carroll SM, Hoffman M, Trodden M. Can the dark energy equation-of-state parameterwbe less than−1? Physical Review D. 2003;68(2).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.68.023509
Linde A. Universe multiplication and the cosmological constant problem. Physics Letters B. 1988;200(3):272– 274.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(88)90770-8
Lindley D. Landmarks: The inflationary universe. Focus. 2011;27.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevfocus.27.12
Koehn M, Lehners JL, Ovrut BA. Cosmological super-bounce. Physical Review D. 2014;90(2).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.90.025005
Koehn M, Lehners JL, Ovrut BA. Higher-derivative chiral superfield actions coupled toN=1supergravity. Physical Review D. 2012;86(8).
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